Racial Discrimination in the Insurance Industry

Table of Contents:

1. An Analysis of Racial Discrimination in America and Insurance	1
RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN RELATION TO INSURANCE: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE	2
1800s: Slavery and Civil Rights	2
Early Glimpses of Racial Equality	2
Race and Large Insurance Companies	4
1900s: Federal Involvement in the Insurance Industry	6
Residential Security Maps Introduces Redlining	7
Legal Cases Affecting The Insurance Industry	8
Historical Legislative Acts Against Racial Discrimination	9
RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN AMERICA TODAY: A RELEVANT TOPIC	12
Beliefs and Experiences of Racial Discrimination in America	13
Housing	13
Health Care	13
Racial Discrimination in Unprecedented World Events	14
2. Defining Unfair Discrimination in the Insurance Industry	16
THE STANDARD OF UNFAIR DISCRIMINATION	17
Revisiting the McCarran-Ferguson Act of 1945	18
Revisiting the National Association of Insurance    Commissioners Unfair Trade Practices Act	19
UNFAIR DISCRIMINATION: THEORY VERSUS REALITY	20
A Federal Definition with a State Interpretation	21
Disparate Impact and Proxy Discrimination In Insurance	23
Disparate Impact: A Question of Unintended Effect	23
Proxy Discrimination: Finding Evidence That       Discrimination Is Intentional	25
3. Identifying Subtle Forms of Discrimination in Insurance Practice	29
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF DISCRIMINATION IN THE INSURANCE INDUSTRY	30
Subtle Forms of Discrimination	33
Credit Cards	33
Zip Codes	35
Big Data	42
Representation	46
Review: Racial Discrimination in the Insurance Industry	52
Section 1: An Analysis of Racial Discrimination in America and Insurance	52
Section 2: Defining Unfair Discrimination in the Insurance Industry	54
Section 3: Identifying Subtle Forms of Discrimination in Insurance Practice	56
Glossary	59
Endnotes	62